I almost did not write this chapter in the ongoing saga of early microcontroller history. That’s not because the PIC1650 microcontroller isn’t important, just that it was not very important in its first incarnation. General Instrument Microelectronics (GI) envisioned the PIC1650 microcontroller as a peripheral chip for its 16-bit CP1600 microprocessor. In fact, “PIC” originally stood for “peripheral interface chip,” but the company eventually changed that meaning to “programmable intelligent computer.” Neither the CP1600 microprocessor nor the PIC1650 microcontroller made much impact on the industry during the 1970s. However, GI went through a couple of near-death experiences and came through the other side as Microchip in the late 1980s, and the original PIC1650 microcontroller served as the seed that eventually grew into one of the world’s most successful microcontroller product lines.

GI arrived at the MOS LSI party early – in fact the company introduced the first commercial MOS IC, a 20-bit shift register, in 1964 – and the company built a large portfolio of successful MOS LSI chips. I can recall:

•         Early calculator chips
•         Clock and clock-radio chips and modules
•         Frequency counter chips
•         TV tuner and TV game chips (including a “pong” game)
•         Music chips and sound generators
•         A text-to-speech synthesizer
•         Digital voltmeter chips
•         ROMs, SRAMs, EAROMs (electrically alterable ROMs)
•         Keyboard controllers
•         Communications chips including UARTs (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitters), P/SARs and P/SATs (programmable synchronous/asynchronous receivers and transmitters)

That’s a huge product line.

GI developed a 16-bit microprocessor with Honeywell as a partner and launched the device as the CP1600 in 1975. It was loosely based on the PDP-11 minicomputer architecture from Digital Equipment Corporation. Honeywell used this microprocessor in its process-control computers, called Multifunction Controllers, and related equipment. Mattel Electronics used a version of the CP1600 called the CP1610 in its Intellivision home video game console, unveiled at CES in January 1979. Apparently, the CP1600 was not used in many products besides Honeywell’s equipment and the Mattel Intellivision.

The CP1600 disappeared from the GI product catalog in the early 1980s. The CP1610 survived a few years more. Adam Osborne, the great chronicler of microprocessors in the 1970s, wrote that the CP1600’s shortage of design wins was mainly due to a lack of support by GI, which tended to focus its efforts on supporting high-volume customers like Mattel.

In an interesting side note, Honeywell’s Multifunction Controllers from that era are still refurbished and offered by companies like Western Process Computers, which offers an FPGA-based emulation of the CP1600 developed by Azbil (formerly Yamatake, Honeywell’s process-control partner in Japan back then). This CP1600 emulation serves as a support strategy to keep these old process controllers running after the 40-year-old GI microprocessors finally fail. This example hints at how long some of this old equipment continues to stay in productive use.

The CP1600 microprocessor used memory-mapped I/O, but GI didn’t develop conventional peripheral chips for this microprocessor’s bus. Instead, GI developed an I/O microcontroller called the PIC1650 to expand the CP1600’s I/O capabilities. GI introduced the PIC1650 microcontroller in 1976, which is the same year that Intel announced the 8048.

The PIC1650 wasn’t the first microcontroller, nor was it the best. Like most microcontrollers, the PIC1650 came packaged in a 40-pin DIP, ran on 5 volts, and had an oddball Harvard architecture with a 12-bit instruction word, an 8-bit data word, and a 2-level stack. The PIC1650’s only on-chip RAM was a 32-byte register file. The original PIC1650 had a relatively small 512-word ROM for program storage.

GI did not offer the PIC1650 with a UV-erasable EPROM or EAROM (EEPROM to use the more modern term) for several years. Instead, the company developed the PIC1664, which brought out the address and data bus and therefore required a 64-pin package. By comparison, the PIC1650’s competitors had larger ROMs, larger RAMs, and were offered in either UV-erasable EPROM versions with windowed packages or versions with piggy-back sockets that accepted a UV-erasable EPROM. By 1980, GI added the PIC1656 with a 3-level stack and a “return” instruction for subroutine calls.

Brian Harden worked for GI in the company’s Glenrothes factory in Fife, Scotland during the mid-1970s when the PIC1650 appeared. GI Glenrothes received a TTL emulation board of the microcontroller during the early days of the PIC1650, and Harden was developing a teletext/viewdata chip for GI at the time. He needed some way to implement a user interface for this chip and decided to try using the microcontroller emulator to implement the user interface. He succeeded and set a precedent for the company. Over the next several years, GI developed several pre-programmed devices based on its PIC1650 microcontroller.

Harden liked the microcontroller and continued to use it when he left GI in 1981. He started a design consultancy and specialized in designs based on the PIC1650. One of his early designs was for the control electronics in the Creda Micron washing machine. He replaced the mechanical controls with a PIC microcontroller. The Creda Micron incorporated multiple PIC microcontrollers for motor-speed control, the user interface, and overall machine management. Harden ran his design consultancy until 1998 and estimates that three-quarters of his designs were based on PIC microcontrollers.

By 1981, GI had added the PIC1670, with twice the amount of on-chip ROM. A slight architectural expansion gave the PIC1670 microcontroller a 13-bit instruction word instead of the PIC1650’s 12-bit instruction word, which allowed the PIC1670 to address a larger on-chip register file directly and allowed some additional instructions. By 1983, the PIC1650 family numbered seven members including the first CMOS member, the PIC16C58 – a low-power version of the PIC1655A – which was a PIC1650A in a reduced-cost, 28-pin package. Even back then, GI was targeting PIC microcontrollers at the most cost-sensitive designs.

General Instrument spun off its microelectronics division as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1987. A group of venture capitalists acquired the subsidiary and named it Microchip Technology in 1989. However, things weren’t going well at Microchip. Its sales were flat or dropping, largely due to competition from semiconductor companies in Japan. More than 60 percent of the company’s revenues came from the disk drive industry, and one customer represented more than 25 percent of the company’s annual income. Microchip had an aging fab with poor quality control, which resulted in low yields and high manufacturing costs due to excessive scrap. Incredibly, the company was selling and shipping some products at below-cost prices. By 1990, the company was losing $2.5 million per quarter and had only six months’ worth of cash on hand. Microchip was in a vulnerable position. What the company needed was focus.

Steve Sanghi joined Microchip as an Executive Vice President on February 28, 1990. That day, while signing employment papers in the HR department, he heard over the company intercom that the current CEO was being let go and that the board was initiating a search for a new CEO. Sanghi was asked to come to the boardroom from the HR department where he was asked to leave the company as part of the management shakeup. He didn’t leave. Three months later, he became Microchip’s new CEO. Microchip spent the next nine months on the verge of bankruptcy while Sanghi labored to right the ship.

Sanghi initiated a product-line triage to find the devices that Microchip could make profitably with its fab. Among the winners were the PIC1650 architecture, UV-erasable EPROMs, and EEPROMs. By combining these three in-hand technologies, Microchip assembled the first low-cost, field-programmable PIC microcontroller and sold it for only a few dollars each while competitive microcontrollers from Motorola and Intel were selling for more than $10 each. Field-programmable PIC microcontrollers were quite attractive to distributors because they could be kept on the shelf, ready to ship to customers. Distribution became an important channel for Microchip’s PIC microcontrollers.

The first Microchip PIC microcontrollers became very successful, and the company rapidly evolved the line to include 16- and 32-bit varieties. In 1990, Microchip was ranked as the 20th largest microcontroller company. By 2002, it was the number one microcontroller vendor. During those years, Microchip had only one company in its sights: Motorola, the top dog in microcontrollers. The Motorola MC6800 microprocessor architecture had evolved into numerous microcontroller families including the MC6801, MC6805, MC68HC05, MC68HC08, MC68HC11, and MC68HC12. Those extensive families put Motorola on top of the microcontroller list. Microchip successfully rode the PIC1650 architecture from the bottom to the top of that list in a decade.

I was a witness to Microchip’s ascendency to the microcontroller throne. On-chip EEPROM technology allowed Microchip to put its erasable microcontrollers in low-cost plastic packages while other microcontroller vendors were forced to use expensive, windowed, ceramic packages for their UV-erasable parts. I observed that Microchip supported its customers well, with inexpensive development platforms that echoed and amplified the attractiveness of its low-cost microcontrollers. Finally, I observed how Microchip employed an aggressive academic program to teach budding developers how to use Microchip microcontrollers rather than competing products. This program seeded Microchip’s future market. All these strategies helped drive Microchip’s microcontroller market share to the top of the heap by 2002.

Microchip’s beginnings take place during the early history of microcontrollers, but the company’s success takes place decades later, during the era when microcontroller use began to explode, and new microcontroller families started to appear at a very fast rate. During this expansion period, European and Japanese semiconductor manufacturers jumped into the market. I hope to cover that next part of microcontroller history in another article series, some time in the future.

Epilog

This ninth installment of early microcontroller history brings the article series to its end. I did not cover microcontrollers beyond 1980, nor did I cover every microcontroller ever developed in the 1970s. I know I’ve omitted some microcontrollers for lack of recorded information other than data sheets, which make for poor histories. For example, I did not find enough information to write full articles about the National Semiconductor COP microcontroller series. These first nine articles are a start.

Some individual microcontroller histories are well covered online or with oral history recordings from institutions like the Computer History Museum and the Stanford University Library. I’ve even found gold in online archives of old email list servers and online bulletin boards, and I’ve found some items buried in the unmoderated online user-to-user forums of the microcontroller vendors themselves. Other not-so-popular or perhaps not-so-famous microcontrollers are poorly documented or are even completely lost to the mists of time.

If I omitted your favorite microcontroller in these nine articles, I apologize. However, you have the power to remedy the situation. If you have a good story about any of the microcontrollers covered in this series, or for microcontrollers that I failed to mention, please feel free to write about your experiences in the comments below.

References

Driving Excellence: How The Aggregate System Turned Microchip Technology from a Failing Company to a Market Leader, Mike J. Jones and Steve Sanghi, Wiley, 2006

Brian Harden personal history with the PIC1650, Microchip 8-bit Microprocessor Forum, March 2, 2004

Microchip’s Steve Sanghi on How to Bring a Company from Debt to Billions, All About Circuits, June 11, 2021.